Adama Traore, 24, died shortly after being arrested in the town of Beaumont-sur-Oise, with his death triggering accusations of police brutality and racism, and several nights of protests.

Gendarmes are police-style units often used for law enforcement in rural areas.

Authorities said at the time that an autopsy revealed he had been suffering from a serious infection and that his body showed few signs of violence.

Investigating magistrates were tasked with probing whether the three arresting officers used disproportionate force against Traore whom they apprehended after a chase in July 2016 during a heatwave with temperatures of 37 °Celsius during a police operation targeting his brother, Bagui.

The officers were never charged.

The Traore family’s lawyer, Yassine Bouzrou, said on Friday that he would appeal the magistrate’s decision, which he said was based on “contradictions, inconsistencies, and serious violations of the law”.

The object of the appeal was to get the Paris appeals court to order the three officers to stand trial, he told AFP.

Traore’s older sister, Assa, has been leading protests since his death, including an annual commemorative march.

But a court banned the march this year, fearful of reigniting unrest sparked by the police killing of 17-year-old Nahel Merzouk at a traffic stop near Paris in June.