At the United Nations COP28 climate summit in Dubai, BNDES announced that the Arc of Restoration programme, with funding of up to US$205 million through 2024, would also seek to capture 1.65 billion tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere by 2030.

The Amazon is vital to curbing climate change because of the vast amount of planet-warming carbon its trees absorb and it is home to many unique and endangered species.

“Avoiding deforestation is no longer the answer to the climate crisis. We need to be more ambitious,” BNDES president Aloizio Mercadante said in a press statement.

“Let’s reforest so that the forest regenerates. It’s the cheapest and quickest answer to the climate crisis because it captures carbon and stores it,” Mercadante said. The BNDES programme will release an initial US$91 million this year.

Brazil’s top climate negotiator said in an interview last month that the country planned to launch the major restoration initiative, without giving details.

“This is a very ambitious project,” earth systems scientist Carlos Nobre at the University of Sao Paulo, who first proposed the concept for the Arc of Restoration, said in an interview.

“This project has been put in place now because the Amazon is nearing a point of no return, so this is a very important, urgent, and innovative initiative,” he said.

Nobre is considered the godfather of a theory warning that deforestation and climate change could push the forest past a tipping point when it would die out and become a degraded savanna.

He said earlier this year that restoring some 700,000sq km of the Amazon would help avert that tipping point, with just under half that area requiring active replanting. He estimated a total cost of at least US$20 billion.

While scientists agree forests must be restored to meet the most ambitious climate targets, such efforts in practice are often confronted by a lack of funding, technical challenges, and hostile criminals seeking to profit off the forest.