
Ramadan, who denies the allegations, took temporary leave in November from his post at Britain’s University of Oxford.
He vowed to sue for slander two women whose rape accusations prompted a preliminary judicial inquiry.
Friday’s announcement turned that preliminary inquiry into a full, open-ended investigation where the French magistrates’ stated goal is to establish whether Ramadan should stand trial.
In France, the launch of a full investigation implies that initial findings justify further pursuit in the view of the investigating magistrates but does not mean the matter is sure to go to trial.
Ramadan is a grandson of Hasan al-Banna, an Islamist thinker and activist who founded the Muslim Brotherhood. He enjoys a substantial following among young Muslims and has challenged French restrictions on wearing veils.
Police arrested him and took him into custody earlier this week in France.