From Dr Amar-Singh HSS

After more than two years of a Covid-19 pandemic the world and Malaysians are fatigued. We want the pandemic to end and for all of us to “get on with our lives”. But is the end in sight? Just wishing for it to happen will not make it so.

Fortunately, vaccines have significantly improved outcomes but this is only limited success and we will have to contend with future variants. We want to restore our jobs and economy, get our children back to school and allow our health services to focus back on the many health needs.

But to make these important changes we must not lose sight of the threat that Covid-19 still poses to the community and keep in place vital measures.

What an endemic is not

The constant talk about “endemic” has sadly begun to lull many in the world and Malaysia into complacency. As experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) clearly express, endemic is not the same as saying the situation is good or better now and it also does not imply mild or milder.

Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, an infectious disease epidemiologist and technical lead for the WHO said in February 2022: “The next variant of concern will most likely be more transmissible compared with Omicron because it will have to overtake the strains that are currently circulating. Future variants may also have a greater ability for immune escape (vaccines will not be as effective against them).”

It is extremely difficult to predict what will happen in the immediate future as it is dependent on many factors which include new vaccine-resistant variants of concern emerging, waning immunity from current vaccinations, better vaccines, new therapeutics, what level of burden of disease and disruption to our healthcare capacity are we willing to accept, and what long term meaningful social behaviour and change the public will make.

The reality about Covid-19 is that it is here to stay for a long time and it will continue to impact society in various ways.

We must appreciate the full impact of Covid-19

As we discuss a move to a more “open” and “relaxed” stance, we must remember that there are three main effects of a Covid-19 infection.

Firstly, the immediate hospital admission, organ damage and death risk. This is dramatically reduced by vaccination.

However, from good data locally and overseas, we know that the elderly and vulnerable (those with chronic disease, immunocompromised or disabled) still have a significant risk of hospitalisation and severe illness if they do not have a booster. In addition, not all vaccines are the same.

A recent study from Hong Kong (released March 2022) showed that the two-dose vaccine effectiveness against severe disease and death for Pfizer was 88.2% and for Sinovac 74.1%. This means that there would be 12%-17% fewer deaths if the two-dose Pfizer was used compared with the two-dose Sinovac in those aged 60 and above.

Three dose protection (booster) for both vaccines was good at 98.1%. Hence, it is worrying to see booster rates of only 61% to 72% among those aged 60 years and older, especially if they used Sinovac as their primary vaccination. Remember that young adults with comorbidities or disabilities also need boosters.

Secondly, the intermediate risk of Long Covid that may affect even those who have a mild infection.

Adult Long Covid rates are in the region of 20%-30%. Data from the UK Office for National Statistics on Long Covid in children showed that 1% of all primary school and 2.7% of secondary school students in the UK have experienced Long Covid, and it lasted one year in 15% of these children.

Recent data pooled from 21 studies in Europe, Asia, Australia, South America showed that up to 25% of children infected developed Long Covid. Hence, our poor vaccination rate for children aged 5-11 (37% first dose rates) is of serious concern.

Vaccination reduces Long Covid risk by up to 50%. But note that you still have a 9.5%-14% risk of Long Covid if you have a breakthrough infection after the two-dose vaccination and this should be a good reason to take precautions to avoid getting infected.

Thirdly, the still poorly understood long term effects of Covid-19 on the brain and other organs (heart, lungs, endocrine organs, etc) which may lead to chronic ill health or even disability years from now.

Preliminary studies suggest that these long term effects of Covid-19 do not always appear to be related to severity of the infection you suffer and can occur even in those who were asymptomatic.

We must count the cost of the long term disability risk of this pandemic. In addition we have a mental health pandemic that has risen in tandem with the Covid-19 pandemic.

Vital measures we need as a society in the coming months

As a society, we need to make significant long-term changes – a new way of life now and post-Covid that will enable us to live better, deal with the potential new challenges Covid-19 throws at us and as well as face the next pandemic that will come.

This is a summary of the bare essentials:

1. Get your boosters yesterday

Those aged 60 and older, as well as young adults with comorbidities, disabilities or, are immunocompromised need boosters before the next wave (possibly a BA.2 wave in April 2022?).

2. Please vaccinate your young children now

Note that 63 childhood deaths due to Covid-19 occurred in the past six months, of which 42 occurred in the past three months and mostly children below 12 years. So, please let’s vaccinate all our five to 11-year olds before they get infected. We hope to have the data that supports the vaccination of the youngest children soon.

3. Use a good mask always

We must improve the mask quality in our community. Good cloth and surgical masks are only 60%-75% effective. We need to use FFP2/KF94 masks. Make sure they are reliable because many masks sold online may be fake. These masks have a better fit and filtration and are especially useful indoors.

4. We have failed to capitalise on improving indoor ventilation

It is sad that despite the good data, there still have not been any mandatory changes to optimise ventilation in all buildings and rooms. Suggestions will not be enough – we need mandated changes that include monitoring. Only then can we keep our children in schools and adults in our office buildings safer.

5. Not all outdoors are the same

While some nations have removed mask mandates outdoors, we must remember that not all outdoor locations are the same. A crowded pasar malam, Ramadan bazaar or outdoor shopping area are far higher risk than a jog in the neighbourhood or a walk in an urban park.

So, keep your mask on when in crowded locations with limited spacing and prolonged exposure.

6. Support employees

We need to change our work ethic/behaviour to allow routine work from home, offer routine paid leave for unwell staff and move more meetings and conferences to online platforms.

7. Time to end the fake news pandemic and ‘Covid Wars’

Currently, measures to fight Covid-19 are hampered by the continued fake news pandemic. We must work collectively to stop this.

In addition, we have, what I term, “Covid Wars”, among medical personnel. We need to always be data and science-based and present the full picture to minimise confusion among the public.

8. Invest in our healthcare system

Our national healthcare system has been deteriorating. We have failed to deal with social determinants of health, grossly under-spent on healthcare, not supported health staffing adequately, and focused too much on curative medicine and hospitals while neglecting prevention and public health.

We must reverse these trends to make our national health system more robust to deal with pandemics like Covid-19.

We may be making the transition to an “endemic Covid-19” state but the virus may not have got the memo.

The experience from many nations with good vaccination rates and that have lifted restrictions has shown us how fragile we still are in the face of this virus. The Covid-19 virus and new variants will exploit any and all weaknesses in our response. Continued vigilance is required both by the authorities as well as the public. We will only succeed together.

Dr Amar Singh HSS is a consultant paediatrician and FMT reader.

The views expressed are those of the writer and do not necessarily reflect those of FMT.