The study, led by researcher Olaf Meynecke of the Whales and Climate Programme, analysed 199 encounters between 19 species of baleen whales and dolphins in 17 countries, using photos and videos from social media and drone footage.

About a quarter of the interactions were judged to be positive and mutual. Humpback whales, known for their sociability, were seen rolling onto their sides, showing their bellies or slowly approaching dolphins. Dolphins often initiated contact, typically near the whale’s head.

“The assumption is that dolphins stay within sight of the whales to be seen. The animals can already perceive each other through sounds, but visual contact seems to be important as well,” Meynecke told dpa.

Dolphins were also seen “riding” alongside whales, “clearly enjoying” the pressure wave, much like humans do when surfing, the researcher added.

In rare cases, competition for food prompted whales to signal for distance with tail slaps.

Dolphins also tended to linger during whale conflicts or when calves were present, closely observing without interfering.

While many encounters were neutral, whales often seemed to enjoy the company, prompting questions about whether such interactions serve a social or cognitive purpose.

“Much like humans, intelligent beings need phases of creativity,” Meynecke said, suggesting that these interactions could be a form of social play and entertainment.