People who listen to music together often report feeling a powerful connection to each other as a result of their collective experience.
Now a new study published in the journal “Scientific Reports” on Thursday finds that physical responses – including heart rate, breathing and the electrical conductivity of skin – synchronise between audience members at classical concerts.
Individuals who rated more highly for personality traits such as openness were more likely to synchronise, while those with neurotic dispositions were less likely to align, the researchers said.
“When we talk about very abstract things such as aesthetic experiences, how you respond to art and to music, the body is always involved,” Wolfgang Tschacher, a psychologist at the University of Bern who led the research as part of the Experimental Concert Research project, told AFP.
This theory is known as “embodied cognition”, the idea that the mind is not only connected to the body but that the body influences the mind – which, while arguably intuitive to laypeople, has been controversial in scientific circles.
To investigate, Tschacher and colleagues observed 132 audience members across three classical concerts. All three played the same string quintet pieces: LBeethoven’s “Op. 104 in C minor”, Johannes Brahms’ “Op. 111 in G major”, and “Epitaphs” by contemporary composer Brett Dean.
The authors used overhead cameras and wearable sensors to monitor the participants, who filled in questionnaires about their personalities before the concert, and whether they enjoyed the performance and what their mood was afterwards.
Overall, they found statistically significant synchronisation on several measures – people’s hearts beat faster or slower during the same musical passages, as did their levels of “skin conductance”.
Skin conductance is closely related to the body’s flight-or-fight response. When it’s high, it indicates a state of arousal and can be linked to goosebumps on the skin; when it’s low, we are in a state of relaxation.
The cameras even caught alignment of body movements, which the authors wrote “appears noteworthy, as the audiences of all concerts were seated in dimmed lighting” and spread out due to the pandemic.
However, though people’s breathing rates aligned, they did not actually inhale and exhale in unison.
The power of music
As one might expect, people whose personality types indicated “openness to new experiences” and “agreeableness” were more disposed towards synchronising with others.
Those who rated highly for neuroticism – “a person who tends towards fearful behaviour, warding off things, being more depressed”, in Tschacher’s words – were less likely to synchronise; but so, too, were extroverts, which might seem counterintuitive.
“Extroverted people are very social, they tend to intermingle with people, they want to be in power, and they want to have a certain self-value,” he pointed out.
The expert added that he had seen this result in previous research: while extroverts are outgoing, they focus less on the music.
For Tschacher, the findings are more evidence in favour of the embodied-cognition theory, and also help explain why public parades or military marches help build cohesion between participants.
And he expects the effects would be “even stronger” in other musical genres.
“There are additional reasons that people will synchronise in pop concerts: people move, they dance, and that’s synchronised by the music, which could give even clearer results,” he said.