The price netted for the historic set at the Geneva auction was nearly twice the high-end of the pre-sale estimate.

The buyer, bidding by telephone, chose to remain anonymous, Sotheby’s spokesperson Hanae Rebelo said.

The large oval brooch and earclips had belonged to Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, wife of Grand Duke Vladimir. She was also the aunt of the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II.

“Jewels with a more storied provenance rarely come to auction, and the appearance of these stunning sapphire and diamond pieces sparked interest from collectors worldwide,” Sotheby’s said.

The set was entrusted to Pavlovna’s friend, the British diplomat Albert Henry Stopford, who took them to London for safekeeping along with other jewels, the auction house added.

“Dressed in workman’s clothes, Stopford was sent to secretly collect the jewels from the Grand Duchess’s home, the as yet unpillaged 360-room Vladimir Palace on the prestigious Neva embankment.

“Let in through a side door by Maria Pavlovna’s eldest son Boris and a trusted servant, he dismantled the jewels, folding the pieces into old newspaper to protect them.”

After visiting Pavlovna in the Caucasus, Stopford set off for London in September 1917 carrying 244 pieces of the jewels and deposited them in a bank there, according to Sotheby’s.

Pavlovna fled Russia in 1919 and died the next year in Paris. The jewels were passed to her daughter, Princess Elena of Greece and Denmark, and kept in the family until they first appeared at auction in November 2009, when they were bought by “another European princely family” who sold them yesterday.