The shutdown has ground into its third week, with Congress deadlocked in a clash over spending and Trump following through on his threats to take a hatchet to the workforce in response.
District judge Susan Illston issued the temporary restraining order in San Francisco in response to a suit filed by labour unions claiming the layoffs are illegal, The Washington Post reported.
Illston voiced concerns about how the government is going about firing federal employees, the Post said.
“The evidence suggests that the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of Personnel Management have taken advantage of the lapse in government spending, in government functioning, to assume all bets are off, the laws don’t apply to them anymore,” the newspaper quoted her as saying.
Trump’s budget chief Russ Vought had been asked in an interview earlier how many layoffs there would be.
“I think we’ll probably end up being north of 10,000,” he said. “We want to be very aggressive where we can be in shuttering the bureaucracy.”
Court documents filed by the Department of Justice showed that more than 4,000 employees were fired on Friday, with the US Treasury and health, education and housing departments hardest hit.
Vought said that was a “snapshot” and that there would be more.
The court drama came as the Senate failed for the ninth time to approve a House-passed funding bill championed by Republicans – ensuring that an estimated 1.4 million federal employees remain at their posts unpaid or on enforced leave, also without pay.
‘Playing politics’
Trump has warned that continued refusal by Democrats to support the resolution would result in mass layoffs targeting workers deemed to be aligned with the opposition party.
But with lawmakers bracing for a historically long standoff, Trump has also sought to deflect blame from Republicans by diverting funds to popular causes such as the military and young mothers.
House Speaker Mike Johnson told reporters on Monday that Congress was “barreling toward one of the longest shutdowns in American history.”
Johnson has kept the House floor shuttered since mid-September, and is holding firm in refusing to move a standalone bill to pay troops throughout the shutdown.
But Trump directed defence secretary Pete Hegseth to use any funds available to avoid 1.3 million military personnel missing their first paychecks on Wednesday.
Many Democrats consider the move illegal, although most have balked at embarking on what would be a politically unpopular lawsuit to block it.
While the military are guaranteed to get their paychecks on time, the Capitol Police – the force charged with securing Congress – missed their full paycheck for the first time on Tuesday.
At least 688,000 federal employees are working without pay, according to the latest estimate provided to AFP by the independent Bipartisan Policy Center think tank.
A further 706,000-plus employees are “furloughed” – on enforced leave with no pay – while 832,000 employees are showing up for work and still getting their checks.
The White House has not announced how it is going to handle the next military payday, due on Oct 31.
“The administration should reverse every single firing from last week and should stop playing politics with people’s livelihoods,” top Senate Democrat Chuck Schumer said in a floor speech.
“They should instead get serious about negotiation with Congress to end this shutdown at once.”