The decision comes despite an aggressive eleventh hour campaign from opponents who say the development of the three drill sites in northwestern Alaska conflicts with efforts to fight climate change.

The fate of the project has been closely watched by Alaska officials, the oil and gas industry and green groups as President Joe Biden seeks to balance his goals of decarbonising the US economy with calls to increase domestic fuel supplies to keep prices low.

ConocoPhillips had sought to build up to five drill sites, dozens of miles of roads, seven bridges and pipelines.

The interior department approved the project with three drill pads after saying last month that it was concerned about the greenhouse gas impacts of Willow.

Its bureau of land management last month recommended a “preferred alternative” that includes three drill sites and less surface infrastructure than originally proposed.

ConocoPhillips and Alaska elected officials endorsed that version of the project, which the agency has said would reduce the impact on habitats for species like polar bears and yellow-billed loons.