Tech companies and entrepreneurs across the world have been scrambling to start businesses to tap the opportunities, attracting huge investment from private equity and venture capital funds to institutional investors and tech giants.
Metaverse is a virtual space that allows users to interact, combining aspects of social media, online gaming, augmented reality, virtual reality (VR) and cryptocurrency. It has attracted increasing market attention since Facebook rebranded itself as Meta and vowed to focus on the metaverse.
In the first half of the year, global investment in metaverse businesses topped US$120 billion, more than double the figure for all of 2021, according to a report from consulting company McKinsey & Company.
Web3 is the term used for a new, decentralised internet based on blockchains – the shared ledgers used by cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin – where users own the content they produce, no longer beholden to giant internet companies. Last year, investment in Web3 companies reached US$30.5 billion, 7.5 times the amount in 2020, according to Cointelegraph Research, a crypto industry media outlet.
Chinese tech giants Tencent Holdings, Alibaba Group Holding and ByteDance are investing in metaverse and Web3 projects.
But developing metaverse and Web3 projects in China is difficult, with the government taking a tough stance on cryptocurrency. China has banned issuing cryptocurrencies as well as trading them over concerns about financial risks such as money laundering and illegal fundraising. As a result, many have sought opportunities overseas in markets such as Southeast Asia, where governments have typically had a relatively relaxed stance on cryptocurrency.
However, regulations in some markets have become increasingly strict after a combination of factors caused crypto asset prices to plummet, including the collapse of high-profile cryptocurrencies, rising inflation, higher US interest rates, slowing economic growth, and concerns about the impact of the war in Ukraine.
Recent shocks in the industry have also spurred regulators to caution investors about digital assets, such as the meltdown of crypto exchange FTX.com.
Overseas investment
China’s regulators have banned trading of crypto assets except for the central bank’s own digital yuan, which is bad news for the domestic metaverse and Web3. Cryptocurrency is an integral part of the next generation of the internet, with some critics saying Web3 is a rebranding of sorts for crypto.
Preceding Web3 was Web1 of the 1990s and early 2000s, when people largely engaged with the internet passively using open infrastructure – the era of blogs and message boards.
The next phase was Web2, initially Web 2.0, which emerged with social media giants like Facebook and Twitter in the mid-2000s. Internet users began actively participating in the internet, creating their own content. But most was distributed by big companies, who monetised the content but kept the profits for themselves.
Web3, supposedly, will replace centralised, corporate platforms with decentralised networks combining the open infrastructure of Web1 and participation of Web2. Users will own the data they create and earn cryptocurrency by trading the content they create, which proponents of Web3 believe will give them a fair share of profits so far hoarded by tech behemoths.
Last year saw the emergence of non-fungible tokens (NFTs), a unique if controversial crypto asset whose ownership and authenticity are tracked using blockchain. But Chinese financial regulators warned NFTs could be used for “money laundering and illegal financial activities”, and be the subject of speculation.
Amid intensified regulatory scrutiny of transactions in digital assets on the Chinese mainland, Tencent laid off staff at its NFT purchase and collection platform Huanhe.
Consequently, Chinese metaverse and Web3 businesses turned their focus to overseas markets. Earlier this year, Hong Kong-listed Chinese livestreaming company Inkeverse Group launched an NFT project called Hoot Labs, selling NFTs which can be used as social media users’ profile pictures. But it has forbidden Chinese mainland-based users from accessing its services.
Inkeverse, formerly called Inke, has also launched an international metaverse social media platform called The Place, where users can hold parties, play music and interact in a VR space.
Tencent, meanwhile, invested in March in Australian NFT startup Immutable, which is developing a blockchain-based online game where NFTs can be sold. The startup is valued at around US$2.5 billion.
Alibaba-owned newspaper South China Morning Post has launched an NFT startup called Artifact Labs, a platform for NFT content owners and creators, expanding a project started last year that issued NFTs featuring its news archives.
Southeast Asia is the primary arena for Chinese metaverse and Web3 entrepreneurs and investors because of looser oversight on cryptocurrency. Also, the geographical proximity and cultural similarities with China made Southeast Asian countries the first stop for Chinese tech companies venturing overseas.
Singapore is a particular hots pot for China’s tech talent. However, the decentralised aspiration of Web3 facilitates a remote working culture, enabling one company to be spread across multiple countries.
“You will find the boss of a Web3 startup is in Singapore, but the team is in Thailand and Vietnam. So, it is difficult to say which country the company is based in,” Li Jiachao, vice president of private-equity investor Initiate Capital, told Caixin.
Lots of Chinese coders have either moved to Singapore for Web3 projects or are working on them remotely from China, multiple market insiders said.
“Singapore is the best place for Chinese nationals to start a Web3 business in terms of culture and operation cost,” said a Singapore-based Chinese Web3 entrepreneur cited by tech media outlet PingWest.
The city-state is also short of skilled coders, making them in hot demand, according to another entrepreneur cited by PingWest.
Some startups have tried to connect Web3 to online gaming. Games using blockchain technology allow players to trade their game assets for cryptocurrency in the form of tokens, which they can then convert into cash – a model called Play to Earn.
“Financing in the gaming industry has not been easy in the past two years, but with the introduction of Web3 and metaverse, the situation changed,” Li Jianyuan, a Malaysian entrepreneur, told Caixin. Li’s blockchain game launched a beta version at the beginning of this year, and it got a US$500,000 investment in the early stage of its seed funding round.
Some Chinese private equity investors have joined global venture capital investors to set up offices in Singapore and invest in local Web3 projects, market insiders said.
“There are more and more investable metaverse and Web3 projects, most of which are founded by Chinese entrepreneurs,” said Li of Initiate Capital. The latter has invested in a Singapore-based Web3 startup called NFTScan, a service provider to NFT coders, that has teams in Singapore, China and North America.
Regulatory landscape
While Chinese metaverse and Web3 entrepreneurs found a more accommodating environment in Southeast Asia they are now facing a changing regulatory landscape for cryptocurrency.
Last month, Singapore’s financial regulator warned of risks in trading cryptocurrencies after FTX’s dramatic failure. The world’s second-largest digital asset exchange, created by the industry’s onetime wunderkind Sam Bankman-Fried, filed for bankruptcy protection in the US in November.
That month, the crypto bourse collapsed from a US$32 billion valuation to insolvency as customers’ scrambling for withdrawals dried up its liquidity, revealing a hole in its balance sheet and causing rival exchange Binance to walk away from a potential bailout.
The run on FTX sent shockwaves through the global cryptocurrency market and into the broader financial markets as some institutional investors found large investments at risk. Among them was Singapore’s state-owned investor Temasek Holdings, which wrote down about US$275 million of investment in FTX.
The Monetary Authority of Singapore has since ordered Binance, the largest cryptocurrency exchange in the world, to stop registering users in the country as it has not been licensed by the regulator. Some market participants have been concerned that the country’s policy stance on crypto assets could become more cautious, thus denting prospects for local metaverse and Web3 projects.
Metaverse and Web3 enterprises also need to pay close attention to legal issues, including anti-money laundering, tax compliance, intellectual property rights and anti-monopoly, Ning Xuanfeng, a partner of law firm King & Wood Mallesons, told Caixin. For example, the Australian government has proposed that NFT trading in primary and secondary markets would likely be taxed, Ning said.
The high volatility of crypto assets this year, following a long bull run, has resulted in a cooling down of the NFT market. Global NFT trading volume fell 97% from a peak of US$17 billion in January to about US$470 million in September, according to Dune Analytics, a blockchain data analytics platform.