Import prices rose 43.3% on the year during May in yen terms, according to the Bank of Japan. This outpaced the 26.3% increase on a contract currency basis and represented the largest jump since comparable data became available in 1981.
Meanwhile, export prices increased 16.7% in yen terms. Japan’s terms of trade – the ratio of export prices to import prices, serving as an indicator of a country’s purchasing power – hit a record low.
Japan’s real gross domestic product totalled ¥538.7 trillion in January-March on an annualised basis. But the figure was based on 2015 prices and did not reflect the decline in Japan’s terms of trade since then.
Gross domestic income, which does reflect terms of trade, came to ¥527.2 trillion. The gap of ¥11.5 trillion between the two figures represents the amount of income that flowed out of Japan during the quarter.
In contrast, the US, which exports crude oil and other commodities, improved its terms of trade. Germany, though a net importer of resources like Japan, has not suffered such a steep decline because its contracts are denominated mainly in euros.
The yen on Thursday briefly sank to a 20-year low against the US dollar, at 134.55.
The high resource prices and weak yen leave Japanese companies grappling with the rising costs of goods.
The producer price index climbed 9.1% on the year in May, gaining by over 5% for the 11th straight month – a threshold not crossed since February 1981. Of the 515 goods that make up the index, 426 – or over 80% – increased in price.
With coal and iron ore growing more expensive, Nippon Steel raised its wholesale price for steel sheets by ¥20,000, or around 15%, per ton for shipments starting in June. The company has now announced over ¥90,000 worth of price hikes since October 2020.
The trend is spreading to consumer products. More than 10,000 food items from 105 publicly traded companies are increasing in price this year, research company Teikoku Databank said.
Though most hikes so far have stemmed from rising prices of cooking oil and wheat, more companies are factoring in crude oil prices and the weak yen as well.
“We have no choice but to raise prices, even if it means we sell less product,” said Masaru Ikemi, president and CEO of Maruha Nichiro.
The seafood distributor is increasing prices for nearly all retail frozen items by 5% to 28% starting with shipments on Aug 1, just six months after its first hike in three years in February.
Calbee raised prices for its potato chips line in January for the first time in three years. The snackmaker also will hike prices for the Potato Chips Crisp line in July for the first time since it hit shelves in 2016.
Rising costs of cooking oil and packaging have weighed heavily on the company.
“We’ve been working to improve our productivity, but we’re at our limit,” said Shuji Ito, Calbee’s president and CEO.
Japan has seen slower growth in nominal wages than the US and Europe, meaning even a small price increase can deal a heavy blow to consumers. Households might cut back on spending as they lose purchasing power.